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Report
Three
The
Bonn Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals
and 
The
United Kingdom
By
Chelsea Kopp
   
Part
One Written by Chelsea Kopp
Part
Two Written by Chelsea Kopp
Part
Three Written by Ella Vasilyeva
Part
One
Choosing
a Sovereign State: Reasons for Selection, Reputation for Compliance.
International
environmental law is considered effective if it contributes to improvements
in environmental quality or slows or prevents future environmental
degradation. (1) International law is only valid when people believe
that it is existent and can be of use. It is only recently that
people's
faith in international law has widened its use and popularity. It
can be difficult for states to heed to international law because few
states want to give up their national sovereignty and recognize a power
that is supranational.
Compliance does not automatically mean effectiveness, they are separate
issues and do not necessarily go hand in hand. (2) By complying
states are following the guidelines set in an international treaty that
they have agreed abide by. By complying states are increasing the
chance that the treaty will be effective although it is not guaranteed.
There are three indicators of effectiveness that go beyond compliance.
First, is if the parties achieve the treaty goals. Second, is if the
actual decisions correspond with expert advice. Last, is if the
environmental resource improved as a result of the treaty. (3)
To effectively manage environmental problems conditions must first be met.
A state's government must be highly concerned to prompt them to devote
their resources to the problem. This usually requires that there are
political networks within the state pointing out the hazards and demanding
some action. (4) States also must have or at least develop a working
relationship with one another so that they can cooperate towards a common
goal and trust one another to hold up their end of the agreement.
Lastly, states must have the ability to implement, enact, and enforce
the treaty within their own boarders. (5) It has also proved
effective for states to work in coordination with NGOs when monitoring
compliance and doing research on efficiency. (6)
The
monitoring of states compliance increases the effectiveness by proving the
implementation or lack there of and monitoring decreases the fear that
states have of being
cheated by other signatures of the treaty. (7) It has been proven
helpful if st ates
reduce the costs of negotiating
by obtaining information about potential
zones of agreement and providing a forum for bargaining. (8)
States comply with international agreements because in this day states are
all interconnected and they have a strong interest in obtaining and
keeping good standing with the international community. (9) The
threat of sanctions and poor trade relations are always a fear of any
state whether they are weak or strong economically. It is also in
states best interests to work together to further their own individual
interests. (10) In the text these reasons are addressed separately
as alternative motives for compliance but it is really a combination of
these reasons that makes states comply with international law.
States comply with international law when the benefits outweigh the costs
not just of an internal economic level but also on an international level.
(11)
The key to achieving success in international law is really in the state's
efforts and ability to change behavior on a national level. Since
there are no international police or standard punishments for people or
corporations who break international
law it is really up to the individual states to force compliance on its
people. States need to make laws for their citizens to follow that
will in turn uphold the objectives
of the international treaty or law.
 The
United Kingdom is a member of The Bonn Convention on the Migration of Wild
Animals. The UK is a party in three of The
Bonn Convention's agreements, a signatory on one and they have signed
one additional agreement, but it has not been ratified as of March 1, 2003.
There are only a handful of other states who are involved in 5 agreements
in the Bonn Convention and there are no states that are involved in more
than 5 agreements. This information and the information of the other
member states can be found at:
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/pdf/en/party%20list/cms_party_list_en.pdf.
The United Kingdom ratified the Convention in July 1985 and it entered
into force in the UK on 1 October 1985, 2 years after the original
countries entered it into force. (12)
In 1985 a standing committee was established and in the September 2002
elections the United Kingdom and the Ukraine were chosen to represent
Europe. At COP7, the United Kingdom was elected to the Chair of the
Standing Committee. (13) So far, four Agreements covering species in
Europe have been concluded. These Agreements could be considered to be the
most tangible successes of the Convention to date and the United Kingdom
has taken an active role in all four of them. (14) A map of member
The Bonn Convention member states can be found at: http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/.
Part
Two
State
Capacity for Meeting International Obligations
Four
Agreements have been concluded and entered into force that cover migrating
species in Europe and a fifth Agreement is about to enter into force very
soon.
The Agreement on the Conservation of European Bats (EUROBATS)
was originally known as the Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in
Europe. For many years the 37 species of bats that exist throughout
Europe have been rapidly decreasing. The issue of protecting these
bats was addressed at the first Meeting of the Conference of the Parties
in 1985, where a Resolution was adopted to
help save
these dying species. (15) This Agreement was concluded in 1991 and
entered
into force in 1993. The Agreement created obligations of parties to:
" prohibit the deliberate capture, keeping or killing of bats except
under permit from its competent authority
" identify sites within its jurisdiction that are important to the
conservation of bats and protect these sites from damage or disturbance
" promote public awareness
" promote research programs relating to conservation and management
of bats
" consider the potential effects of pesticides on bats, when
assessing pesticides for use, and endeavor to replace timber treatment
chemicals that are highly toxic to bats with safer alternatives. (16)
The United Kingdom established an interim secretariat in February 1992 to
help promote the Agreement, and the Secretariat remained active there
until the end of 1995. (17) To date the UK has recommended as
Special Areas of Conservation 12 maternity and hibernacula areas, under
the EC Habitats Directive, for bat species. The sites, located in
south-west England and Wales, have been selected to favor those supporting
the features required for species survival and to cover their geographical
range. The site series is intended to contribute to securing favorable
conservation, however wider measures remain vital to conserving these
species. (18)
The
UK's National Bat Monitoring Program was charged with designing and
implementing monitoring the UK's bat species over a five year period. The
program
was in line with many of the survey and monitoring requirements of the
"Conservation and Management Plan". The program ran through
December 2000. (20)
The
Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans in the Baltic and North
Seas (ASCOBANS) was another
major European Agreement that was concluded in
1991 and entered into force in 1994. (21) The goal of this Agreement
was to protect more than 30 species of small marine mammals such as
dolphins and whales. The Agreement listed these main objectives:
" reduction of pollution;
" reduction of by-catch (i.e. the accidental entanglement in fishing
gear);
" assessing feeding requirements;
" reduction of disturbance;
" establishment of criteria to define protected areas;
" monitoring status and population studies. (21)
The United Kingdom hosted the Secretariat for the first few years before
it moved to  Germany
in the spring of 1998. ASCOBANS is now being applied in all UK
waters, in accordance with existing statutory protection for cetacean
species. Discussions
have been held with the Irish Government into the possibility of extending
the Agreement to cover the Irish Sea and other western waters. Under
ASCOBANS, signatory countries are required to co-operate in research and
management measures to conserve small cetaceans in the Baltic and North
seas. Particular attention is being given in the UK to the problem of
cetaceans by-caught in fishing nets and to minimizing disturbance to
cetaceans as a result of seismic exploration activity, cetacean-watching
and leisure activities. (22)
The UK continues to fund three projects - one each at the Institute of
Zoology, the Scottish Agricultural College and the Natural History Museum
- covering the co-ordination, recording, and production of a database
("Poseidon") of cetacean standings in the UK. The contracts aim
to record and investigate the causes of death of small cetaceans that
strand on British shores. The UK agreed to fund these projects until 2000.
(23) Between 1994 and 1997 the UK funded a three year study to look at the
causes and effects of skin lesions on the skin of bottlenose dolphins.
(24)
The UK has produced sets of guidelines aimed at minimizing disturbance to
cetaceans from whale-watching and from recreational activities. The
whale-watching guidelines are targeted at tour operators and the
recreational guidelines at members of the public who may incidentally
encounter cetaceans in UK coastal waters. Both sets of guidelines are
intended to raise awareness of cetaceans and to provide simple advice on
how act in the vicinity of cetaceans in order to minimize distress to the
animals. Both sets of guidelines were issued in March 1999 and were
circulated widely to relevant organizations in the UK. (24)
Agreement on the Conservation of African - Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
is currently the largest developed by The Bonn Convention. The AEWA
was concluded in 1995 and entered into force in 1999. The Agreement
creates a legal basis for the conservation of all migratory waterbird
species and populations, individuals of which migrate in the western Pale
arctic and Africa. The geographic area covered by the AEWA stretches
from the northern reaches of Canada and the Russian Federation to the
southernmost tip of Africa. (25)
The UK has a long history of support for international collaboration to
conserve waterbirds since it holds important waterbird breeding areas, is
a major wintering area, and is located on important migration routes. Many
of the basic techniques of waterbird research and conservation were
pioneered in the UK. Th e
UK has developed an Implementation Plan for AEWA. (26)
Since the Agreement the UK has phased out of the use of lead gun-shots in
UK wetlands. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 provides the main
legal framework for the protection of species listed by AEWA. More
recently, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CRoW) was enacted in
England and Wales. CRoW strengthened the protection of certain species by
increasing penalties and enforcement powers with regard to offences under
the Wildlife and Countryside Act. (27) The CRoW Act also
strengthened the protection of sites from damage caused by competent
authorities in the exercise of their functions and damage caused by third
parties. The UK also has comprehensive regulations governing emissions to
the air and freshwater, which have the potential to affect waterbirds.
(28)
The United Kingdom's government is responsible for the implementation of
wildlife legislation. The three statutory nature conservation agencies,
the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature, and Scottish Natural
Heritage together with the Environment and Heritage Service of Northern
Ireland, are responsible for providing advice to government and its
devolved administrations on policies for, or affecting, nature
conservation. The agencies also have a responsibility to notify land of
special interest for its biological, geological and landscape features.
(29)
This
table (Table A) shows the species of waterbirds that the UK protects by
enforcing penalties during closed hunting seasons.
This
table (Table B) shows the species of waterbirds that the UK protects
year-round.
The taking of, and trade in, birds listed in the AEWA Action Plan is
regulated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the Wildlife
(Northern Ireland) Order 1985 and the 1831 Game Act. The 1981 Wildlife and
Countryside Act prohibits the killing, injuring or taking of any wild
bird, the taking or destroying of their nests while in use or being built
and the destruction of wild birds' eggs. The 1981 Act and 1985 Order
contain three schedules concerned with the status of individual species.
(30) These are just a sample of the legal measures and practices
that the UK has taken in accordance with the AWEA Agreement in the Bonn
Convention.
The Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black and
Mediterranean Seas (ACCOBAMS)
also addresses the waters westwards to Cape St. Vincent (Portugal) and
Casablanca (Morocco) within the Agreement's geographical scope. (31)
The Agreement's main objectives are to protect dolphins, porpoises and
other whales, and to establish a network of protected areas important for
their feeding, breeding and calving. The Agreement entered into
force on June 1, 2001 and the UK attended as an observer country and
announced a voluntary contrib ution of €10,000 for the work of the
Agreement. (32)
The UK contributed considerably to the development of the draft Agreement,
corresponding directly with the Bonn Secretariat. Although the UK chose
not to attend the final negotiating session, the UK actively participated
in the negotiation of an EU mandate to support the extension of the
geographic area to include
contiguous Atlantic waters and inland waters such as the Sea of Marmara,
and for the species scope to extend to all cetaceans. The UK is
currently considering the action necessary to be able to ratify the
Agreement on behalf of Gibraltar. (33)
The Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)
has not yet been ratified but the text of the Agreement adopted has been
finalized and the Agreement was opened for signature in June 2001, seven
countries signed, including the United Kingdom. (34) The Agreement
will enter into force after five Range States have ratified it. The
Agreement covers twenty-one albatross and seven petrel species. The
United Kingdom is an important Range State in this Agreement because of
its Overseas Territories in the Southern Seas, such as the Falklands, the
British Antarctic Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
provide important breeding habitat. (35)
In addition to the implementation and support given to all the individual
Agreements above, the UK is also a member of The Business and Biodiversity
and Resource Center which main focus is on the CBD but also is connected
with the goals of the Bonn Convention. (36) The main complaint made
about the UK's efforts to protect migrating species is the UK avoiding
signing legislation on protecting Sea Turtles. (37) In fact, some
international groups feel that they are working against their efforts to
protect the turtle.
Part
Three
The
most important sources of variation across our cases of international
environmental law making do not derive from formal legal rules, but from
variations in the degree of political pressure brought to bear on the
issue by domestic governments responding to domestic political agitation.
(30) Without public and governmental pressure, effective action is
unlikely to take place. Therefore, it is national decisions that affect
environmental quality, even though international measures may have been
necessary to overcome national reluctance to act and to reach harmonized
national measures. (31)
The
Convention arose in 1972 from a recommendation by the United Nations
"Man and the Environment" conference in Stockholm, and entered
into force in November 1983. There are currently 80 parties (as of 1 October
2002) to the
Convention, including most countries in Europe as well as the European
Union, many African states and a growing presence in South America, Asia
and Oceania. (32)
The
United Kingdom ratified the Convention in July 1985 and it entered into
force in the UK on 1 October 1985. In 1985 a Standing Committee was
established to provide guidance on the implementation of the Convention
between the tri-ennial conferences. It comprises two elected Parties from
both Europe and Africa, and one Party from each of the other major
geographic areas (Asia; Central and South America; and Oceania). The
following members were elected to the Standing Committee in September
2002: the United Kingdom and Ukraine (Europe); Kenya and Morocco (Africa);
Australia (Oceania); Chile (Central and South America) and Sri Lanka
(Asia). The alternate members elected were Monaco, Hungary, Tanzania,
Chad, New Zealand, Peru and Saudi Arabia.(33) At COP7, the United Kingdom
was elected to the Chair of the Standing Committee. Professor Colin
Galbraith of Scottish Natural Heritage was re-elected to the chair of the
Scientific Council
The
UK's ratification of CMS includes the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey and
the following UK overseas territories: Bermuda, British Indian Ocean
territories, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falklands and
Dependencies, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, St Helena/Ascension
Island/Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands and the Sovereign Base
Areas in Cyprus. In September 2002 in accordance with Article VI of the
Convention, the Department published the "Report
of the United Kingdom Government to the Seventh meeting of the Conference
of the Parties, September 2002"(34)
noting the implementation of the Convention in the United Kingdom
and in a number of the United Kingdom's Overseas Territories. The "Report
of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth meeting of the Conference of
the Parties, November 1999" is also available. (35) You can view
different countries who have become part of CMS by going to this website, http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/Asides/conventions/cms-parties.htm
, and as you can see United Kingdom was one of the first countries. By
going to this website you can also see agreements that each country has in
force, at the moment United Kingdom has 3, more than many countries
listed.(36)
CMS
perceived with a degree of skepticism the rationale for adopting common
strategies in general, and their applicability to the Mediterranean in
particular. In the absence of a firm political undertaking on the part of
the EU to engage with difficult issues, in a clearly prioritized fashion,
the common strategy is merely a shopping list with no strategic content.
(37) The reason why the  Mediterranean was chosen as a focus for a common
strategy appears to have prejudiced both its content and its utility in
addition to the Barcelona process. However,
while some areas of the CMS are consonant with the aspirations of the
Barcelona process, there is a need for greater clarity and explanation in
some of the newer areas. (38) Article 8 of the CMS, for example, states
that "As far as security matters are concerned, the EU intends to
make use of the evolving common European policy on security and defense to
consider how to strengthen, together with its Mediterranean partners,
co-operative security in the region."
The
United Kingdom in particular has yet to articulate clear priorities
towards the Mediterranean as perceived under the CMS.(39) Most policy
positions are articulated in relation to other EU Member States, or in
terms not easily translatable into concrete policy initiatives. This means
that the United Kingdom is not achieving the most from EU multilateral
policy initiatives, preferring to concentrate instead on restraining the
ambitions of other European partners, including over the use of QMV (40)
There
are nevertheless issues arising in the Mediterranean, such as immigration
flows, drug trafficking and organized crime, which are already affecting
the United Kingdom, in addition to continental Europe. (41) The Government
needs to establish precisely what the United Kingdom sets out to achieve
in the region and then allocate our efforts between primarily bilateral
relations and instruments and use of multilateral channels, in particular
the EU. (42) Our purpose should be to influence EU policies in directions
which suit our national priorities in promoting trade liberalization and
countering crime and the trafficking in drugs and people.(43)
I
am delighted to say that the Conference adopted a Resolution, submitted by
the United Kingdom, addressing the problem of by-catch of migratory
species, particularly from longline fishing. The Resolution requires all
Parties, as a matter of gravity, to strengthen the measures to minimize
the incidental mortality of migratory species in fisheries under their
control. The Resolution specifically refers to the threats which turtles,
seabirds and dolphins face from fisheries by-catch. As well as action by
sovereign states, the Resolution also seeks co-operation with the
Convention on Biological Diversity and the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to protect these endangered
species. (44)The United Kingdom also announced our intention to sign and
ratify the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area on behalf of Gibraltar.
The Conference also agreed, with UK and EU support, a number of
initiatives on the protection and conservation of the houbara and great
bustards, marine turtles in the Atlantic Coast of Africa and the Indian
Ocean, Sahelo-saharan antelopes and elephants in Central and West Africa.
(45)
The
United Kingdom is an important Range State, because Overseas Territories
in the Southern Seas, such as the Falklands, the British Antarctic
Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands provide important
breeding habitat. The United Kingdom has made many contributions to the
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). Comparing to other states who have
contributed to CMS, United Kingdom stands out, by participating in many
different agreements. Here are some details about agreements that United
Kingdom have participated in. (46)
Agreement
on the Conservation of European Bats (EUROBATS) The Agreement on the
Conservation of Bats in Europe (EUROBATS)
was concluded in September 1991 in association with the third meeting of
the Conference of the Parties to CMS.
It opened for signature in December 1991, and entered into force on
16 January 1994. It presently has 26 Parties: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, FYR Macedonia, Georgia, Germany,
Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine
and the United Kingdom. (47)
The
first Session of the Meeting of Parties (Bristol, United Kingdom, 1995)
decided to establish a permanent Secretariat as of 1 January 1996. The
third Session of the Meeting of Parties to EUROBATS was held in July 2000
in Bristol,  United
Kingdom, back to back with a meeting of ASCOBANS. The Parties inter alia
decided upon the integration of the Agreement into the UNEP framework and
the establishment of an Agreements Unit to be co-located with the
Convention Secretariat according to Resolution 5.5 of the fifth Meeting of
the Conference of the Parties to CMS
There
are 26 Parties to the Agreement: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova,
Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak
Republic, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. (47) The United Kingdom
established an interim secretariat in February 1992 to help promote the
Agreement, and the Secretariat remained active there until the end of
1995. Following the first session of the Meeting of the Parties in July
1995, hosted by the United Kingdom, the Parties accepted an offer from the
Government of Germany to establish a permanent Secretariat in co-location
with the UNEP/CMS Secretariat in Bonn. The third session of the Meeting of
the Parties to the Agreement was held in Bristol in July 2000 and agreed
that on 1 January 2001, the Secretariat should be administratively
integrated into the UNEP-CMS Secretariat. (48)
Agreement
on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic. There are eight
Parties to the Agreement: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, The
Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The Agreement
Secretariat became operational on a provisional basis in June 1992, and
was formally established at the first session of the Meeting of Parties in
September 1994.(49) The United Kingdom hosted the Secretariat for the
first few years before it moved to Germany in the spring of 1998. The
Secretariat, like those of AEWA and EUROBATS, is now provided by UNEP and
is administratively integrated into the UNEP-CMS Secretariat's Seas (ASCOBANS)(50)
Agreement
on the Conservation of African - Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) This
Agreement, the largest of its kind developed so far under CMS, was
concluded on 16 June 1995, when representatives of over 66 countries met
in The Hague, Netherlands. The AEWA Agreement entered into force on 1
November
1999 following ratification by 17 Range States or regional economic
integration organizations.(51) The countries that have ratified the
Agreement to date (1 January 2003), are: Albania, Benin, Bulgaria, Congo,
Croatia, Denmark, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, Gambia, Georgia,
Germany, Guinea, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, FYR of Macedonia, Mali,
Mauritius, Moldova, Monaco, The Netherlands, Niger, Romania, Senegal,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Togo,
Uganda, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. The UK ratified the Agreement in
February 1999. The Secretariat is located at the UN Premises Bonn within
the CMS Agreement Unit. (52)
Agreement
on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas
(ASCOBANS)here are eight Parties to the Agreement: Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
The Agreement Secretariat became operational on a provisional basis in
June 1992, and was formally established at the first session of the
Meeting of Parties in September 1994. (53) The United Kingdom hosted the
Secretariat for the first few years before it moved to Germany in the
spring of 1998. The Secretariat, like those of AEWA and EUROBATS, is now
provided by UNEP and is administratively integrated into the UNEP-CMS
Secretariat. (54)
Agreement
on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) The most recent CMS
Agreement to be negotiated is the Agreement on the Conservation of
Albatrosses and Petrels. The Agreement built on an initiative by the
Valdivia Group of Temperate Southern Hemisphere Countries for the
Environment, a number of resolutions of the CMS COP on albatross
conservation and by-catch and amendments to the Convention's appendices to
include additional albatross and petrel species. The first formal
negotiation meeting was held in Hobart, Australia in July 2000 .
The second, hosted by the Government of South Africa at the University of
Cape Town, took place in January 2001. (55) The text of the Agreement
adopted at the Cape Town meeting has been finalized and the Agreement was
opened for signature
at a ceremony held on 19 June 2001 at Parliament House, Canberra, at which
seven countries signed, including the United Kingdom. Spain has also now
signed the Agreement which will enter into force after five Range States
have ratified it. The Agreement covers twenty-one albatross and seven
petrel species. There is no direct reference to the Southern Hemisphere in
the title of the Agreement, which will facilitate any future extension of
the Agreement Area northwards. This could be achieved by simply adding
northern species to the Annex. In the short term, the Agreement will
retain a distinctly southern focus, with Australia acting as depository
and providing the interim secretariat. (56)
Part
Four
Endnotes
1.
Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
2. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
3. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
4. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
5. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
6. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
7. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
8. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
9. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
10. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press, 2002)
11. Hunter, David et al, International Environmental Law and Policy
(Foundation Press,
2002)
12. 'The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Wild Animals' available at http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/
13. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs (January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm
14. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm14.
15. 'The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Wild
Animals' available at http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/
16. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the Conservation
of Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm
17. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm
18. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
19. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth Meeting of
the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
20. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth Meeting of
the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
21. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm
22. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth Meeting of
the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
23. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
24. 'The Report of the United Kingdom Government to the Sixth Meeting of
the Conference of the Parties,' Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
(November 1999) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/bonnreport.htm
25. 'Global Wildlife and Zoos: The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Wild Animals,' Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(January 14, 2003), available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/cms.htm
26. 'First report by the United Kingdom on the implementation of the
Agreement,' The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(September, 2002) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/waterbirds2002.pdf
27. 'First report by the United Kingdom on the implementation of the
Agreement,' The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(September, 2002) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/exotic/waterbirds2002.pdf
28. 'First report by the United Kingdom on the implementation of the
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